Let's Go to the Moon this Christmas - 8

Having orbited the Moon for a day, all the crew needed to do now was to come home to Earth. This required a long burn of the single SPS engine to increase their speed to escape the Moon's gravity and head off in the right direction for Earth. Here's some extracts from the verbatim flight logs:

Public Affairs Officer - "This is Apollo Control Houston at 89 hours, 19 minutes into the flight. We are now less than 30 seconds to the scheduled time of ignition for the maneuver to start Apollo 8 on its course back to Earth. In the last 15 seconds, prior to ignition, the crew will be burning their Service Propulsion System - rather their Reaction Control System engines to settle propellants. And here in Mission Control Center, we have just counted down to the burn. We should have ignition at this time. That will be a 3-minute and 18-second burn nominally. It will increase the spacecraft velocity by about 3,522 feet per second or some 2,395 miles per hour. Following the maneuver, The spacecraft should have a velocity of about 8,800 feet per second - some 6,000 miles per hour. And here in Mission Control, it is relatively quiet, as it has been since we lost communications with the spacecraft as they went over the Moon's horizon. At this point, flight controllers here in Mission Control, as with the rest of the world, now they are waiting."

089:20:16 Anders (onboard): Burned for 1 minute.

089:20:18 Borman (onboard): Okay.

Public Affairs Officer - "Coming up in just a few seconds now, we should have shutdown of the Service Propulsion System engine on the spacecraft that should have occurred at 89 hours - or rather will be occurring at 89 hours, 22 minutes, 34 seconds. Actually, we are just a little less than a minute from that event. And the clock here in Mission Control Center that is counting down to the time when we will reacquire the spacecraft shows that we have 6 minutes, 30 seconds until reacquisition. At this point, the SPS engine should be shut down and we will now be waiting for the spacecraft to come over the lunar horizon and give us a report on their status We now show 5 minutes, 45 seconds until reacquisition."

089:23:02 Borman (onboard): 1, OFF.

089:23:03 Anders (onboard): Got it.

089:23:04 Borman (onboard): 2, OFF.

089:23:05 Anders (onboard): Got it.

089:23:06 Borman (onboard): 3, OFF.

089:23:07 Anders (onboard): Got it.

089:23:08 Borman (onboard): 4, OFF.

089:23:09 Borman (onboard): Got it.

089:23:10 Borman (onboard): Okay -

089:23:11 Anders (onboard): TVC SERVO POWER, 1 and 2. OFF.

089:23:13 Borman (onboard): OFF.

089:23:14 Anders (onboard): FLIGHT Recorders OFF; MAIN BUS ties, going OFF; A is OFF - -

089:23:20 Lovell (onboard): There we go.

089:23:22 Anders (onboard): - - B is OFF.

089:23:23 Anders (onboard): Proceed.

089:23:24 Borman (onboard): Wait a minute. Did you get all this, Jim?

089:23:26 Lovell (onboard): Yes.

089:23:28 Anders (onboard): You ready to proceed?

089:23:29 Lovell (onboard): Proceed. I'll get these.

089:23:31 Anders (onboard): Okay, null residuals. Record DELTA-V.

089:23:33 Lovell (onboard): Minus 54 - -

089:23:34 Borman (onboard): That 0.5?

089:23:36 Lovell (onboard): Yes, 0.5.

089:23:37 Anders (onboard): You don't have to do a thing to that.

089:23:39 Borman (onboard): Just record it.

089:23:41 Anders (onboard): Record DELTA-Vc.

089:23:43 Borman (onboard): Minus - that's up here - minus26.4.

089:23:49 Lovell (onboard): I got 26.4, and the burn time was- -

089:23:52 Borman (onboard): Minus 26.4.

089:23:53 Lovell (onboard): - - have it, burn time was 2minutes (cough) and 23 seconds.

089:23:58 Borman (onboard): Okay, can we proceed out of here, then? You got all this?

089:24:01 Lovell (onboard): I have all that.

089:24:02 Borman (onboard): Proceed.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Public Affairs Officer - "This is Apollo Control Houston at 89 hours, 26 minutes. Flight Director Milton Windler has just advised his flight control team here in Mission Control Center that we have less than 3 minutes now until reacquisition of the spacecraft and he requested that they monitor their console, get prepared to reacquire and to get a status from the crew. (Pause.)"

Public Affairs Officer - "This is Apollo Control Houston. We now show less than 30 seconds until reacquisition. We will stand by for the first words from the Apollo 8 crew as they come over the lunar horizon, and into acquisition."

Public Affairs Officer - "We have AOS signal. There is a little bit of a cheer going up among the flight controllers here. We should be hearing from the crew shortly."

Public Affairs Officer - "Our station at Honeysuckle reports that we do have a radio signal from the spacecraft. Having a bit of trouble locking up at this point, to the point where we can get voice communications from the crew."

089:31:12 Mattingly: Apollo 8, Houston. [No answer.]

089:31:30 Mattingly: Apollo 8, Houston. [No answer.]

089:31:58 Mattingly: Apollo 8, Houston. [No answer.]

089:32:50 Mattingly: Apollo 8, Houston. [No answer.]

089:33:38 Mattingly: Apollo 8, Houston.

089:34:16 Lovell: Houston, Apollo 8, over.

089:34:19 Mattingly: Hello, Apollo 8. Loud and clear.

089:34:25 Lovell: Roger. Please be informed there is a Santa Claus.
089:34:31 Mattingly: That's affirmative. You're the best ones to know.

089:34:37 Lovell: And burn status report: it burned on time; Burn time, 2 minutes, 23 seconds; seven-tenths plus VGX. Attitude nominal, residuals; minus five-tenths VGX, plus four-tenths VGY, minus 0 VGZ; Delta-VC, minus 26.4.

089:35:14 Mattingly: Roger.

089:35:19 Mattingly: Apollo FLIGHT has...

089:35:23 Mattingly: Apollo 8, reconfirm your burn time, please.

089:35:30 Lovell: Roger. We had 2 minutes, 23 seconds. Our - wait one. Stand corrected to that; 3 minutes, 23 seconds.

089:35:43 Mattingly: Thank you. [Long pause.]

Public Affairs Officer - "This is Mission Control, Houston. Flight Dynamics Officer says that burn is good."

089:36:33 Borman: You get the sensation that you're climbing, Ken.

089:36:35 Mattingly: Say again, Apollo 8.

089:36:41 Borman: I say, this gives you the sensation that you're climbing.

089:36:47 Mattingly: Rog. [Pause.]

089:36:53 Borman:. What's next on the docket?

089:36:56 Mattingly: High Gain Antenna. [Long pause.]

089:37:10 Mattingly: Apollo 8, at the first convenient moment, we'd like to have the High Gain Antenna.

089:37:19 Borman: You've got it; you're on the High Gain.

089:37:25 Mattingly: Rog.


.....and that was that, they were on their way home. No drama, no excitement, just on to the next thing on the checklist. These guys really were ice-cool.

Let's Go to the Moon this Christmas - 7

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7797439.stm


Have a Happy - Space Age - Christmas!

Let's Go to the Moon this Christmas - 6

Time to get busy. Slowing from 15,000 miles per hour and positioning Apollo 8 into a stable orbit around the Moon was a precise and risky procedure. It involved turning the spacecraft around and firing its powerful Service Module engine for precisely four and a half minutes — an eternity of time when even a couple of seconds is enough to send a spacecraft spinning irretrievably off course. The engine burn was designed to slow the spacecraft down enough to insert it into a lunar orbit without losing so much altitude that it crashed into the Moon instead.
Orbital mechanics also demanded that the manoeuvre should take place on the dark side of the moon, entirely out of radio contact with Earth. At 68 hours and 58 minutes into their journey, the crew strapped in and vanished around the Moon's far side, out of sight, out of contact with everything they had ever known.

Ten minutes later, Jim Lovell typed the instructions for the engine burn into the on-board computer, and the computer flashed back "99:40," which was it's code for "Are You Sure?". Lovell was. He pressed the 'Proceed' button. The engine ignited, performed flawlessly and the burn worked exactly as scripted. That and subsequent burns inserted Apollo 8 into an lunar orbit 68 miles high at its 'peak' and at it's lowest point just 60 miles above the tops of the lunar mountains.
And even before Apollo 8 came around the other side of the Moon and back into radio contact with Mission Control, Houston, Bill Anders had spotted and photographed what no human being had ever witnessed before. It is surely the most iconic photo of the space age and one of the most iconic of any age - Earthrise over the Moon.


This photograph became important and iconic after the astronauts had returned to Earth. At the time it's existence was unknown to those watching and listening to the live coverage from NASA.
But what was to follow later, on Christmas Eve in the U.S., early on Christmas Day in the U.K., no-one had predicted or prepared for. It was historic - the largest worldwide television audience ever at that time tuned in to see the Astronauts broadcasting a 'normal' PR slot from their Apollo spacecraft.
They got that.
But what they also witnessed was the ultimate Christmas Special, transmitted live to planet Earth from a quarter of a million miles away, 60 miles above the surface of the Moon....